SUMERIAN - TURKISH KINSHIP
By
POLAT KAYA
INTRODUCTION
In a previous study of mine given at URL http://www.compmore.net/~tntr/sumer_turk1of5.html,
I had shown that in a given test, which is called the Dell Hymes 200
word list test, about 47% of the Turkish words were the same as those
of the Sumerian words, that is, after about 5000 years of separation.
In that test, 200 Sumerian words, corresponding to different concepts,
are chosen, and the selected language claiming to be related to Sumerian
must pass a certain percentage of relationship in order to be regarded
as a related language. This previous study of mine, with a 47% correspondence,
was strong proof that Sumerian and Turkish were not only related to each
other but most likely were the same language or dialects to one another. Thus,
a language that has 47% of the root words of the Sumerian list can be a
direct descendant of that language.
Dell Hymes mathematical relationship [5] is given in my first study at
URL: http://www.compmore.net/~tntr/sumer_turk1of5.html.
Sumerian, being an ancient and, according to some thinking, a "dead" language,
has had its present day reading done through the intermediary of Akkadian
and other Semitic languages. That is to say, Akkadian and other Semitic
languages are said to have been used as an intermediary dictionary in the
reading of Sumerian texts. Since language is the most important part of
any culture, those who did not live that Sumerian culture which created
the Sumerian language and who read the Sumerian texts recently would not
be able to read and define exact meanings of Sumerian words - no matter how
efficient they may have been in reading Sumerian cuneiform texts. Therefore
some degree of inexactness is expected in the definition and attributed
meaning of each Sumerian word that is presented to readers at this time.
It is known that Semitic Akkadians "adopted" the language and culture of
Sumer after they conquered it. As I have explained in my other writings,
"adopted" here does not mean that the Akkadians took the existing Sumerian
language and used it themselves as it was. The so-called Akkadian language
is a restructured and altered form of the original Sumerian and/or most likely
Turkish because under scrutiny, many Akkadian words suggest that they were
restructured from Turkish. Since Akkadian was used as a "lens" for reading
and deciphering Sumerian texts, the resulting transliterations are expected
to be much more Semitized and further alienated from the source texts,
In the study I present here, I collected some 300 Sumerian words
that have correspondence with Turkish. The sample words are mostly one
to two syllables in both languages. My sources for this study are mainly
the "Vocabulary" in the book by C. J. Gadd and a book by Edgar H. Sturtevant
given below in the references. Particularly, in the case of the book
by Edgar H. Sturtevant, I also noted the page numbers on which words
and their meanings appear.
This list is done independently of my previous lists. I have not included
the list by Prof. Dr. Osman Nedim Tuna. Thus this is a new list that
may include some of the words identified by Osman Nedim Tuna and in fact
may not have some of the words that he has in his list. In any case,
this three hundred word list here constitutes unquestionable and powerful
kinship between Turkish and Sumerian. So much so that Sumerian can be called
a Turkic language.
In the book by Edgar H. Sturtevant, there are many Sumerian words
that have been read in different forms, such as TUR being read as MAR
or DUMU. Also there are many Akkadian words that give the impression
of being restructured directly from Turkish. Similarly, there are Sumerian
words that look suspiciously like they too were derived from Turkish -
making one think that this was done during the presentation of the transliterated
words. The readers of those ancient Sumerian texts must have been aware
that the Semitic and Indo-European words were restructured forms of Turkish
words and phrases. It is likely that they may have used the same alteration
technique in order to further alienate Sumerian from Turkish.
The list below is the result of this study.
A SAMPLING OF "SUMERIAN" WORDS RECOGNIZED
AS TURKISH
(Italicized words are Akkadian.)
SUMERIAN (Su.) TURKISH (Tr.)
A
Su. ABBA
(father)
Tr. APA, BABA (father)
Su. ABBA.ABBA(HI.A) [4, p. 24] (forefathers)
Tr. APAAPA
(father's father, forefathers).
Tr. BABA BABA
(father's
father, forefathers).
Tr. ATA ATA
(father's father, forefathers).
Tr. DEDE, DADA (father's father,
forefathers).
Tr. CED
(forefathers).
Su. A-DAH (A-DAGh) (helper)
Tr. HODAG
(farmer's helper, young boy helper)
Su. ADDA
(father, old man)
Tr. ATA
(father)
Tr. DADA, DEDE (grandfather;
old man)
Su. ABZU
(waters under the earth)
Tr. APA-SU
(father-water)
Su. EN-ZU (AB-ZU)
(lord water)
Tr. HAN -SU
(lord water). "Water" (SU) is
a godly element.
Su. ADAM
(creatures)
Tr. ADAM
(man)
Su. AGA
(crown,
tiara)
Tr. AGA (AGA, AHA)
(lord)
{Note: underlined letters are Turkic soft G}.
Su. AGAL
(mightily)
Tr. ULU AGA
(great lord)
Su. AGUR
(endued with strength)
Tr. GUR (GÜR) (strength);
GÜRLÜ (with strength)
Su. AMA
(mother)
Tr. ANA
(mother);
T.. AM, AMA (mother);
Tr. MAMA/MEME (mother's breast)
Su. AMA
[4, p. 20]
(broad, breadth)
Tr. EN
(broad, breadth)
Su. AMAR
(young
bull)
Tr. EMER (EMER DANA, EMER KUZU) (suckling young calf or lamb)
Su. AN
(high; sky, heaven)
Su. AN
[4, p. 21]
(DINGIR, God)
Tr. AN (sky) as in TANRI (from ATA-AN-ERI)
("father-sky-man")
Su. ANU
(the God of Heaven)
Tr. HAN U
(that Lord, Sky Lord)
Su. ANA
(suffix 3rd person
singular pronoun)
Tr. ANU, ONU
(3rd person singular pronoun)
Su. A-NA
(interrogative pron.
what?)
Tr. O NE, NE
(interrogative pron. what?)
Su. GISHAPIN
[3, p. 305; 4, p.24] (wooden plough)
Tr. AGASH (AGACH) SABAN (wooden
plough)
Su. GISHAPIN-TUK-KIN
[3,
p. 305; 4, p.24]
(seed feeding plough)
Tr. AGACH SABAN TÜK EKIN
(seed droping
plough);
Tr. SABAN (plough); TÜK (DÖK) (drop),
eKIN (seed).
Su. LUAPIN-LAL [4, p.24]
(farmer)
Tr. OLA SABANLU
(SABANLU OLA) (farmer)
Su. LUAPIN-LAL-UTU [4, p.24] (position of a farmer)
Tr. OLA-SABANLU-TU
(men is with plough, he is farmer)
Su. A.QAR [4]
(field, terrritory)
Tr. KIR
(field, land)
Su. AR
(glory,
renown)
Tr. AR
(dignity)
Su. ARA
(path)
Tr. ARA (narrow path)
Su. ARAD
(servant)
Tr. ERDI (he is man, he
is helper, he is servant)
Su. ARAH (ARAKH) [4, p. 25]
(granary)
Tr. HARMAN (harman yeri)
(harvest place)
Su. AS
(one, one alone)
Tr. AS (BIR, AZ) (one,
peerless, all alone, god)
Su. ASAR
(Strong, powerful)
Tr. AS ER
(one man, peerless man,
strong man)
Su. ASh [4, p. 29, 189]
(kind of spelt, wheat)
Tr. ASh (arpa, bugday, yiyecek)
(barley, wheat, food)
Su. ASh-ME [4, p. 31] (sun
disk)
Tr. IShIMA
(shining)
Su. za-ARA [4, p. 2] (mill-stone,
mill)
Tr. EZER O
(it crushes, it makes
powder, it makes flour)
Su. E-za-ARA
[4, p. 25]
(mill)
Tr. EV-EZER (ezer ev, degirmen
evi) (house of crusher, house of flour maker)
Su. LU
ZA-ARA, SAL za-ARA [4, p.25] (miller, baker)
Tr. OLA EZER, EZERCI OLA, UNCU OLA (miller).
Su. AZAG.UD; read as KUBABBAR [4,
p. 33, 171] (white)
Tr. AZ AG OD (essiz ak atash)
(peerless white fire, sun-white).
Su. LUAZU = read
as LUUZU [4, p. 33, 174]
(seer)
Tr. OLA US U (US
OLA O, UZ OLA O) ( he is wise man).
Su. LUA.ZU [4,
p. 33] (physician)
Tr. OLA US U (US OLA O) ( he is wise man).
B
Su. BA
(to divide, portion out)
Tr. PAY (bölmek) (to divide,
portion out)
Su. BA, BI (as demonstrative
pron., this, that)
Tr. BU (as demonstrative
pron., this)
Su. BAD; read BE = BELU [4, p. 120, 121] (master, lord)
Tr. BEY
(master)
Tr. BEYDI
(he is master).
Tr. BEYLU (BEYLI)
(with mastership).
Akkad BELU [4, p. 120, 121] (master, lord)
Tr. BEYLU
(with mastership).
Akkad BELUTU [4, p. 121] (mastery, lordship)
Tr. BEYLUTU (BEYLIDI) (with mastery, with lordship).
Akkad BELUMESH [4, p. 121] (nobles)
Tr. BEY OLMUSH (has become noble).
Su. BAL
(To excavate, dig out)
Tr. BEL (BELLEME) (to excavate,
dig out).
Su. BAR
(to shine, be bright)
Tr. PAR (root of PARLAMAK meaning
"to shine, to glow, being bright)
Su. BILGAMESH (GILGAMESH) (men
who new everything)
Tr. BILGAMESH (BILGEMISH) (he who
has acquired knowledge".
Su. BILGA
(old man)
Tr. BILGE (old wise man)
Su. BUR
(make a hole)
Tr. BORU (a pipe which is
a long hole)
Su. BUR
(hole, opening)
Tr. BURGU (hole maker)
Su. BUR
(to make a hole)
Tr. BURGU (hole maker)
D
Su. DAGAL [4, p. 147]
(breadth)
Tr. DAGILI (YAYILI) (spreads in all directions)
Su. DAM
[1]
(husband, or wife)
Su. DAM (ASHSHATU = Tr. 'ESHTU')
[4, p. 149] (wife)
Tr. ADAM
(man, husband).
Tr. DAM (ev)
(house, wife)
Su. DAM-ZU
[4, p. 149]
(his wife)
Tr. DAMI-SU (EVI-SU, EVI, EVLILIGI) (his home, his wife);
-SU, -SI is the Tr. verbal suffix meaning his/her.
Su. DAM-UTTU (DAM ATAR)
[4, p. 149]
(marriage)
Tr. DAM-ETTU (EV-ETTU, DAM EDER, evlenme)
(marriage, made a home, made a marriage).
Tr. ADAM-ETTU (evlendirdi)
(made man out
of him, got him married)
Su. DAM-QAR
(agent, middle-man, banker)
Tr. KAR ADAMI
(agent, middle-man, banker)
Su. DE
(to pour out voice, to speak,
utter words)
Tr. DE
(speak, say something, pour out words)
Su. DI (=DINU) [4,
p. 159] (justice, court, law-suit)
Tr. DE (TÖRE, TORA, KANUN)
(say, judgement, töre (torah), law, tradition).
Tr. DIN O
(it is religion, it is rule and law)
Su. DI-TAR
[4, p. 160],
(justice, judgement)
Tr. DE TUR
(KUTSAL DEME, TUR Demesi)
(sacred say, justice, judgement, God's saying)
Su. DI-KUD [4, p. 159], DI-TAR
(justice, judgement)
Tr. DE KUT (KUTSAL DEME) (sacred
say, justice, judgement)
Su. DINGIR
[1]
(God)
Su. DINGIR (= ILU)
[4, p. 159] (God, Goddess); DINGIR
is usually followed by the Akkadian
phonetic complement (-LIM, -LUM)
or by a plural sign.
DINGIR-LIM-is kis- "become a god, die"(of
Hittite kings). [4, p. 160]
Tr. TENGIR (TENGRI, TENGERE, TANGARA, TANRI,
TENRI) (God)
Su. -Akkad DINGIR.LIM-nili,
[4, p. 160]
("in the manner of a god")
Tr. TENGIR KIMI
K to L shift
(like a god).
Su. -Akkad Lu DINGIR-LIM-niyanza
("man of the god or the like")
Tr. OLA TENGIR KIMI
(gibi)
("man like a god")
Su. -Akkad DINGIR.LIM-niyatar, DINGIR.MESH-tar
("divinity")
Tr. TENGIR OLMA
("becoming God")
Su. -Akkad DINGIR.MAH
("giant"?)
Tr. TENGIR MA (MAH)
("Magnificent God", magnificent
moon)
Su. -Akkad DINGIR.MESH-tar
("divinity")
Tr. TENGIRMISH-TUR (Tanri olmustur)
("has become god")
SU. -Akkad DINU [4, p. 160]
(justice, court, law-suit)
Tr. DIN O, TÖRE O
(it is religion, it
is tradition, it is law, it is justice)
Su. DU
(to make, build, to strengthen)
Tr. ED (ET, YAP) (to make,
build, to strengthen)
Tr. ED U (ET U, YAP U) (it is to make,
it is build, it is to strengthen)
Su. DU(g)
(to make,
build, to strengthen)
Tr. DIK
(to build, to raise, to sew, to erect, to strengthen)
Su. DUG
(to
speak, word, command)
Tr. DEGI (DEYI)
(to speak, word, command)
Su. DUMU
(child, generally
son)
Su. DUMU = MARU
[4, p. 164]
(son)
Su. (TUR = read DUMU [4, p. 165])
(son, child)
Tr. UMUD-U
(He is hope, he is security,
he is son)
Tr. ADUM U (ADIM O)
(He is my name, he is son)
Tr. ADAM O
(he is man, he is boy).
{Note: In Turkish there is the saying of "çocuk-tur",
"küçük-tür" meaning "it is child, it is small". In this case
TUR is the suffix meaning "it is". It is most likely due to
such usage of Turkish word TUR that it has been attributed the meaning
"child, small" in reading the Sumerian texts. This is another
attempt to obliterate the ancient Turanian name TUR as it has
been replaced with MAR and DUMU.}
Su, DUMU.DUMU or (TUR.TUR) [4, p. 164,
165] (grandson);
Tr. TORUN
(grandson)
Su. DUMU E.GAL [4, p. 164] also TUR
E.GAL (palace servant)
Tr. ADAM EV-AGA AL
(Man of great red house, man of
palace).
Su. DUMU URU HATTI [4, p. 164] also TUR URU HATTI
("A Hittite")
Tr. TUR ÖRÜ HATTI
(TUR city of HATTI) ?????????
Su. DUMU LUGAL [4, p. 164] also TUR
LUGAL (prince)
Tr. TUR ULU AGALI (ULU AGALI TUR, BEY)
(Great Lordly Tur, prince)
Su. -Akkad DUMU SHIPRI = MAR SHIPRI [4, p. 164] (messenger)
Tr. "ASHIRIP ADAM" (TASHIYICI
ADAM) meaning "messenger man, carrier man).
NOTE: The Akkadian
word SHIPRI
is a restructured word from Turkish ASHIRIP
meaning "carried,
taken".
Su. DUMU.LU.GAL.LU
[4, p. 164]
(human being, man)
Tr. "ULU ADAM OGLU" (ULU INSAN OGLU) (great son of man, man)
Su. DUMU.NAM.LU.GAL.LU [4, p. 164] = DUMU AMELUTI meaning "humanity, mankind, people".
Tr. "NAMLU ADAM OGLU" meaning "renown son
of man, named human beings, named people."
Tr. "ADLU ADAM OGLU" meaning "renown son of
man, renown human beings, named people."
Tr. "ShANLU ADAM OGLU" meaning "renown son
of man, renown human beings, named people."
Su.-Akkad "DUMU AMELUTI" meaning "humanity,
mankind, people".
Tr. "TUR ALEM ITU" meaning "TUR
was all peoples, TUR was humanity, TUR was mankind".
Tr. "TUR ALAM IDU" meaning "TUR
was all peoples, TUR was humanity, TUR was mankind".
Tr. "TUR AL MA IDU" meaning "TUR
was Sun and Moon peoples, TUR was mankind".
Note: These expressions in Sumerian, Akkad and Turkish
verify that ancient world as a TUR/TURK world and their world was
TURAN. Evidently the wandering AKKADS, like the wandering GREEKS,
did a lot of alteration to the ancient Turkish language and called
the altered versions of Turkish words and phrases as their own 'invented'
language. The wanderers did all of these confusions in order to obliterate
the ancient TUR/TURK Turko-Sumerian, that is, KUNGUR (GÜN-KOR),
KI-EN-GI (GÖY-HAN KÖY) peoples.
Su. DUMU.NITA = read IBILA [4,
p. 164], (male child)
Tr. BALA
(Son, child).
Su. DUMU = MARU [4, p.164]
(son)
Su. TUR; read as DUMU [4, p. 165] (son,
child)
Tr. TUR
(TUR boy, TUR man)
Su. DUMU.USh = IBILA [4, p.164]
(male child)
Su. TUR.USh = IBILA [4, p. 165]
(male child)
Tr. BALA
(Son, child).
Su. DUMU.SAL = MARTU [4,
p. 164], (daughter, girl)
Tr. TUR KIS (TUR KIZI)
meaning "Tur girl"; and/or
Tr. KISTUR (KIZTUR, KIZDUR)
meaning "it is girl, it is daughter".
Tr. TURA
(TUR girl).
Note: L in SAL is an intentional replacement for "K" as
a up-shift in alphabet. With that alteration, word become SAK which
is the revers of Tr. KIS (KIZ) meaning "girld".
Akkad MARTU
[4, p. 164],
(daughter, girl)
Tr. "AMTUR"
(it is female, it is girl).
Su. DUN
(a kind of animal, probably a kind of ox)
Tr. DANA
(calf, one year old cattle)
Su. DUR
(to sit, dwell, abide)
Tr. DUR
(stop);
Tr. OTUR
(sitdown)
Su. DURU, DURI
(for
ever)
Tr. DURU, DURAN, TURAN (stays put,
stays forever)
Su. DURUN
(dewellers, settlers)
Tr. DURAN
(settler, stopper)
Su. E
(house, temple)
Tr. EV
(house, temple)
Su. E DINGIR-LIM
[4, p. 33]
(temple)
Tr. EV TENGIR (TENGRI EVI, TANRI EVI) (temple)
Su. E-GAL
(palace,
great house)
Tr. AGA-AL-EV
(great red house)
Tr. EV AGA AL
(Great red
house); Note: Tr. AL meaning "red" was also SUN-GOD's
color, which is also the colour of amber fire.
Su. E-SU
[6, p.172]
(his house)
Su. E-ZU
[6, p. 172]
(his house)
Tr. EV-I-SI
(his house). The Tr. suffix -SI, -SU is the verbal suffix for possesive
case. A better example is ANA (mother), ANA-SI or ANA-SU meaning "his mother".
Similarly, ATA => ATA-SI meaning "his father".
Su. EGIR [4, p. 34]
(afterwards, again, back)
Tr. GERI
(back, again)
Su. EGIR [4, p. 34]
(behind, after)
Tr. GERI, GERIDE (behind, after)
Su. EGIR [4, p. 34]
(last, later)
Tr. GERI, GERIDE (last, later)
Su. EGIR-AN-DA [4, p. 34]
"behind" with a suggestion of motion.
Tr. GERI-DEN (geriden gelen gibi)
"from behind" with a suggestion of motion.
Su. E GUD
[4, p. 33]
(stable)
Tr. EV UD (UD EVI, SIGIR EVI, AHUR, AHIR) (stable)
Su. E-IUM, ILUM
(exalted, powerful)
Tr. EYUM (EYIYUM)
(I am well off);
Tr. ULUYUM
(I am great)
Su. E LUGAL [4, p. 33] (palace)
Tr. EV ULU-AGA-OLA (house
of great lord man)
Su. EME
[4, p. 35]
(tongue)
Tr. EMI, EMI, EMME (EMMEK, AGUZ) (mouth, tongue)
Su. EN [1]
(lord, noble)
Su. EN
[4, p. 35]
(master)
Tr. HAN (BEY, PAShA) (lord,
noble)
Su. EN KARASh
[4, p. 35]
(general)
{Reading has been altered.PK}
Tr. HAN ASKAR (HAN ASKER, PAShA) (general)
Su. EN SISKUR
[4, p.35]
(sacrificer, person who has a sacrifice
performed)
Tr. HAN ASKER (yigit, kahraman) (sacrificer, person who has a sacrifice performed)
Su. ENE
(Nomin. & accusative personal
pronoun 3rd person singular)
Tr. ANI, ONI, ONU (same as
ENE)
Su. ERI
(slave)
Tr. ER
(man, soldier,
hero, husband, servant)
Su. ERIM
(man, servant, soldier)
Su. ERUM [4, p. 36] (slave)
Tr. ERIM, ERUM (my man,
my soldier, my servant)
Su. ERUM-UTU [4, 36]
(slavery)
Tr. ERUMTU (ERIMDI) (he/she
is my slave)
Su. EREN, ERIN, LU
ERIN [4, p. 36] (troups)
Tr. EREN (ERLER, ASKERLER, ORDU)
(troups, army)
Su. ESh
(three)
Tr. ÜSh, ÜCh (Üç)
(three)
Su. E ZA, E ZA-KIShIB [4, p. 33]
(house of seals, store house, treasury)
Tr. EZINE (HAZINE)
(house of seals, store house, treasury)
Su. EZEN [4, p. 38] (festival,
feast)
Tr. IZIN (bayram, tatil)
(holiday, vacation, festiva, feast)
G
Su. GA-AB (GAB)
(breast)
Tr. GABAG
(breast, chest, front)
Su. GAL also MA-AL
(to be, to exist)
Tr. OL
(to be, to exist)
Tr. OL-MA
(coming into existence, becoming,
being).
Su. GABRI
(opponent, rival)
Tr. GARShI
(opponent, rival)
Su. GAR
(to
do, make, establish)
Tr. GÖR (YAP) (see it done, make it, establish)
Su. GAShAN
(queen)
Tr. GIZ-HAN
(girl lord, woman lord, female lord)
Su. GAZ
(to slay,
sacrifice)
Tr. GES (KES)
(to slay, to cut, sacrifice)
Su. GEShTU
(ear, sense, understanding)
Tr. IShIT, IShITUG (that
which hears, ear, sense, understanding)
Su. GEShTUG (ear,
intelligence)
Tr. IShITUG (IShITIK) (that
which is heard, intelligence)
Su. GI (-GI)
(to turn back, restore)
Tr. GERI
(to turn back,
to restore)
Su. GID
(to be long, long)
Tr. GID (GED)
(long wooden pole)
Su. GID
(to roam at large)
Tr. GIT, GEZ
(go, walk, roam around at large)
Su. GIG
(night, black, dark)
Tr. GECE (GEGE) (night,
black, dark)
Su. GIN
(to go)
Tr. GIT
(to go)
Su. GUD ALO [4, p.20] (The Heavenly
Bull) meaning "sun".
Tr. AGA UD/UT AL O (Lord Red
Bull It is) / "Lord Red Fire It is"; Tr. UT/UD is "bull". OD is
"fire".
Su. GUD [4, p. 85] (cow,
bull, ox)
Tr. UD (UT) [7, p. 877] (cattle,
cow, bull, ox)
Su. GUD.MAH [4, p. 85] (bull)
Tr. UD MA/MAH (magnificent
cattle, magnificent bull, divine bull OGUZ)
Su. ZAG-GIN (to go
by the side)
Tr. SAGA GIT (to go
to the right, to go to the side)
Su. GIR
(to stab; dagger)
Tr. GIRI
(that which enters, that which
breaks, that which cuts)
Su. GIR
(foot)
Tr. GIRI, AYAK (that which
enters, foot)
Su. GIR
(way)
Tr. GIRI, YOL (that
which is used to enter, path, way, pathway, door, gate)
Su. GIR
(strength)
Tr. GÜR, GÜCLÜ (strength,
powerful)
Su. GISh
(wood, determinative before woden objects)
Tr. AGASh, AGAÇ (wood)
Su. GISh-GIG
(shadow)
Tr. GILGE, GÖLGE (shadow)
Su. GISh-ShIR
(light)
Tr. IShShIR (ISHIR) (light, it
shines)
Su. GISH.IG [4, p.
56] (door)
Tr. ESHIG (EShIK) (door,
outside)
Su. GISHIGI-DU read as "GISH ShUKUR" [4, p. 57] (spear);
Tr. AGASH (agaç) GID O meaning "it is a long wooden pole used as hitting instrument
in fight)
Su. GISH ShUKUR [4,
p. 143] ("spear" or similar weapon)
Tr. AGAÇ SIRIK (GID, GED) ( wooden long pole used as hitting instrument in fight)
{English
word "SPEAR" is made up from Tr. "SIRIK' with Q/P shift. PK}
Su. GISH SU-A [4, p.
142] (chair, throne)
Tr. AGAÇ SOFA
(wooden sofa, woden chair,
woden throne).
Su. GISHShUDUN also
GISHShUDUL [4, p. 145] (yoke)
Tr. GOSHU EDEN (GOShAN, boyunduruk)
(that which ties, yoke)
Su. GISHTIR or GISH TIR [4, p. 160] (grove, wood, forest)
Tr. AGAShTUR (AGAÇTIR)
(it is wood, it is forest)
Su. GU [GIYU]
(bank of river)
Tr. GIYU, GIYI, KIYI
(bank of river, lake, sea, any water body)
Su. GUD
(bull, ox)
Su. GUD
[4, p. 53]
(a divine bull)
Tr. AGA-UT (UD), OKUZ (big
cattle, bull, ox)
Tr. OKUZ, OGUZ, TUR (Divine
Bull, Sun and Moon, divine Ox)
Su. GULA
(great, mighty)
Tr. AGA ULU (Great,
mighty)
Su. GUR-GUR
(to go here and
there)
Tr. GIR GIR (gir gir, oraya buraya girip
çikma, bos dolasma) (go here and there)
Su. GUR
(huge, mighty)
Tr. GÜR
(big,
large, mighty, strong)
Su. GUR
(ta raise, to exalt)
Tr. UGARU (YUKARU) (above,
up, to make it upper)
Su. GUR
(to
sever; to be parted)
Tr. GIR, KIR
(to break, to sever, to part apart)
H
Su. HAR
(usury, interest)
Tr. KAR , KÂR, ASHURU, ASHIRI
(gain, what was earned in interest)
Su. HAR-RA
(usurer)
Tr. KÂR ERI, ASHURAN, KAÇURAN (usurer)
Su. HAR-SAG (mountain,
hill)
Tr. KIR-SAL (hilly
area, mountain side)
Su. HILIB (underworld)
Tr. ÖLÜB (dead-one)
Su. HUL (destroy,
ruin)
Su. HUL [4, p. 51] (bad, injure,
become bad)
Tr. ÖL (ölme) (die,
diying, kill)
I
Su. I [4, p.56] (properly
the figure 1 (one))
Tr. I (BIR) (figure 1
(one)
Su. I [4, p.56] (used as determinative
with the names of men)
{I has been usurped into English
as "I" as personal pronoun 1st person singular. PK}
Tr. MEN (personal pronoun
1st person singular). {Note "men" in the definition. PK}
Su. I = YA [4, p.56, 184] (oil)
Yr. YAG
(oil, fat)
Su. I, IAG [1]
(oil, butter, fat)
Tr. IAG, YAG
(oil, butter, fat)
Su. IA read as YA [4, p. 56]
Tr. IA read as YA, YE, I
{probably
Tr. AY, meaning "moon"? PK}
Su. -YA, Dingir.UTU-ShI = ShAMShU, ShAMSHI [4, p. 56, 172] (Sun)
Tr. AYA, AYAS
(light, sunlight, sun)
Hittite Dingir Istanus [4, p. 172]
(sun)
Tr. Tengir ISTAN (IShITAN, ISITAN, GÜNESh) (God that lights, God that heats, sun)
Su. DUTU-ShI [4, p.
172] (nom. DUTU-ShI-mes, dat. DUTU-mi
meaning "my sun god", "my majesti")
Tr. Tengir OT-IShI (OD-IShI,
Atash-IShI, IShITAN-GUN, GÜN-IShI, GÜNESh, ISTAN)
(Fire-Light, Tengir.ISTAN,
SUN)
Su. id-IDIGNA
(the river Tigris)
Tr. idi DICLE (adi DIGLE) (it
was the river Tigris, its name is Tigris)
Su. IDI
(chamber)
Tr. ODA
(chamber, room)
Su. ILLU
(high water, flood)
Tr. SEL
(flood); ILLU (YELLU)
(windy).
Su. ILLU
(first) with K/L shift
Tr. ILK U (it is first)
Su. ILU
(to cry aloud, shriek)
Tr. ULU
(to cry aloud, to howl, to shriek)
Su. ILU
(to utter lamentation)
Tr. AALA (AGLA) (to cry,
to lament)
Su. IMHUL (hurricane, destroying
wind)
Tr. YELUM (I am wind)
Akkad IShTEN
[4, p. 65]
(one, only, alone)
Tr. ISTAN (ÜST-HAN, TANRI, ISITAN, IShITAN,
GÜNES) (Top Lord, God, Sun, One, only, alone)
Akkad ISHTENUTU [4, p. 65] (one)
Tr. ISHITAN OD O (Günes, Bir) (it is
the lighting fire, it is sun, it is one);
Tr. ISITAN OD O (Günes, Bir) (it
is the One that heats, it is the heating fire, it is sun, it is one);
Tr. IST-HAN O DU (ÜST-HAN ODU, Gök Tanri)
(He is the topmost Lord,
He is the Sky-Lord, He is One).
Tr. ISTAN
(Sky-God, Sun).
Su. IZI (fire)
Tr. ISHI (light); ISI (heat, fire); KÖZ (fire)
K
Su. KA
(mouth, face)
Tr. KAPU
(door, opening); GABAG (face);
Hittite AIS
[4, p. 67]
(mouth);
Tr. AUZ, AIZ, AGUZ, AGIZ (mouth).
Su. KA
(gate)
Tr. KAPU
(gate, door)
Su. KABUR
(window)
Tr. KAPU
(door, opening, window)
Su. KALAG (KALA)
(mighty)
Tr. KALA, (GALA, KALE, KULE) (tower,
towering, mighty)
Su. KALAM (esp.
the land of Sumer as distinguished from KUR, foreign countries);
Tr. ILIM
(my country);
Tr. ÜLKEM (my
country)
Su. KAR-LIL (temple
woman, servant of Ishtar)
Tr. KARI, KADIN (woman)
Su. KI
(place)
Tr. KÖY
(village, country place)
Su. KID
(cut off, remove)
Tr. KIDI, KIYDI (cut off
into pieces, remove piece-by-piece)
Su. KI-EN-GI
(The land of Sumer)
Tr. KÖY-HAN-GÖY (GÖY-HAN (GÖK-HAN)
village, GÖK-HAN country, Land of Sky-Lord)
Su. KI-IZI
(fire
place)
Tr. KÖZ (ISI, IShI, OCAK) (heat,
light, fire place, hearth)
Su. KIN
(to send, order; to fetch)
Tr. KÖN-DER
(to send, to fetch)
Su. LUKIN-GI-A (messenger)
Tr. ULAK
(messenger);
Tr. GÖNDERI OLA (messenger)
Su. KI-SIKIL
(maiden, young woman)
Tr. KIZGIL (KIZLAR) (the girls)
Tr. KIZLIK
(maidenhood)
Su. KISLAH
(uncultivated land)
Tr. KIShLAK
(winter land, wintering grounds)
Su. KI-SURRA
(boundary)
Tr. KÖY SURU (KÖY ÇEVRESI, sarma)
(boundary of village)
Su. KISHI
(forehead)
Tr. KASH (ALIN)
(eyebrow, forehead)
Su. KI-UR
(foundation, site; )
Tr. KÖY YERI
(village site);
Tr. KURU ("kurmak" fiilinden) (foundation);
Su. KI-UR
(thing founded, city)
Tr. KÖY YERI
(village, city);
Tr. KURULUSh
(settlement);
Tr. KÖY ÖRÜ
(vowen village, vowen
city);
Su. KU (To eat,
cause to eat)
Tr. AC U (he/she/it
is hungry), C/K shift
Su. KU (bright,
clean, pure)
Tr. AK O (it is white,
bright, clean, pure)
Su. KUR (land, mountain)
Tr. KIR (country
side, land, mountainous land)
Su. -Akkad KUR.SAPLITU [4, p.
133] (The lower Country", i.e., the part of the central plato
of
Asia Minor that lies immediately
south of the Halys.)
Tr. BASILI KIRTU
(çöküntü yer, alçak yer)
(it is land that is depressed, land that is lower)
L
Su. LA
(used
as negative)
Tr. MA
&nb